Effect of hypothermia on the flow characteristics of blood

References

1. • Adams N.K.
   The physics and chemistry of surfaces.
   Oxford University Press, London1941
   • Google Scholar
2. • Barbour J.G.
   • McKay E.A.
   • Griffith W.P.
   Water shifts in deep hypothermia.
   Am. J. Physiol. 1943; 140: 9
   • Google Scholar
3. • Bayliss L.E.
   The axial drift of the red cells when blood flows in a narrow tube.
   J. Physiol. 1959; 149: 593
   • PubMed
   • Google Scholar
4. • Bayliss L.E.
   Rheology of blood and lymph.
   in: Frey-Wyssling: Deformation and flow in biological systems. North-Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam1952 (Chap. 6)
   • Google Scholar
5. • Berne R.M.
   Coronary blood flow during hypothermia.
   in: Physiology of induced hypothermia. National Research Council, Washington, D. C1956: 165
   • Google Scholar
6. • Bernhard W.
   • Schwarz H.
   • Mallick N.
   Intermittent cold coronary perfusion as an adjunct to open heart surgery.
   Surg. Gynec. & Obst. 1960; 111: 744
   • Google Scholar
7. • Bigelow W.G.
   • Lindsay W.K.
   • Greenwood W.F.
   Hypothermia—its possible role in cardiac surgery: An investigation of factors governing survival in dogs at low body temperatures.
   Ann. Surg. 1950; 132: 849
   • Scopus (387)
   • PubMed
   • Crossref
   • Google Scholar
8. • Bingham E.C.
   • Green H.
   Paint, a plastic material and not a viscous liquid: The measurement of its mobility and yield value.
   in: Proc. Am. Soc. Testing Materials (Suppl. II). 19. 1919: 640
   • Google Scholar
9. • Bingham E.C.
   • Reopke R.R.
   The rheology of blood.
   J. Gen. Physiol. 1944; 28: 79
   • PubMed
   • Crossref
   • Google Scholar
10. • Buckingham E.
    On plastic flow through capillary tubes.
    in: Proc. Am. Soc. Testing Materials. 21. 1921: 1154
    • Google Scholar
11. • Bullard R.W.
    Cardiac output of the hypothermic rat.
    Am. J. Physiol. 1959; 196: 415
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
12. • Burton A.C.
    • Opitz R.
    The viscosity of the blood.
    J. A. M. A. 1911; 57: 353
    • Google Scholar
13. • Burton A.C.
    On the physical equilibrium of small blood vessels.
    Am. J. Physiol. 1951; 164: 319
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
14. • Connaughton P.J.
    • Holt G.
    • Lewis F.J.
    Prolonged hypothermia below 25 ° C. for periods over 20 hours: Influence of therapy and technique on survival.
    Surgery. 1961; 50: 372
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
15. • Copley A.L.
    • Krchma L.C.
    • Whitney M.E.
    Humoral rheology; viscosity studies and anomalous flow properties of human blood systems with heparin and other anticoagulants.
    J. Gen. Physiol. 1942; 26: 49
    • Scopus (9)
    • PubMed
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
16. • Copley A.L.
    The rheology of blood, a survey.
    J. Colloid Sc. 1952; 7: 323
    • Scopus (19)
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
17. • Copley A.L.
    Fibrinolysis and atherosclerosis.
    Lancet. 1957; 1: 102
    • Scopus (8)
    • Abstract
    • Google Scholar
18. • Copley A.L.
    • Stainsby R.
    Flow properties of blood.
    Pergamon Press, Inc, New York1960
    • Google Scholar
19. • Coulter Jr., N.A.
    • Pappenheimer J.R.
    Development of turbulence in flowing blood.
    Am. J. Physiol. 1949; 159: 401
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
20. • Dahlback O.
    • Delaney L.T.
    • Gelin L.E.
    • Kugelberg J.
    • Linder E.
    • Nilsson S.E.H.
    A plasma substitute in extra corporeal correlation: An attempt to minimize the damage to the blood.
    Acta chir. scandinav. Suppl. 1959; 245: 265
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
21. • D'Amato H.E.
    Thiocyanate space and the distribution of water in the musculature of the hypothermic dog.
    Am. J. Physiol. 1954; 178: 143
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
22. • Denning A.D.
    • Watson J.H.
    The viscosity of blood.
    in: Proc. Roy. Soc. London, s.B. 78. 1906: 328
    • Google Scholar
23. • Dix F.J.
    • Scott Blair G.W.
    On the flow of suspensions through narrow tubes.
    J. Appl. Physics. 1940; 11: 5741
    • Scopus (16)
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
24. • Dryden H.L.
    • Murnaghan F.D.
    • Bateman H.
    Hydrodynamics.
    in: Dover Publications Inc, New York1956: 93
    • Google Scholar
25. • Ebert P.A.
    • Greenfield L.J.
    • Gilbert J.W.
    • Morrow A.G.
    Physiologic changes accompanying profound hypothermia.
    Surg. Gynec. & Obst. 1961; 113: 138
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
26. • Eckstein R.W.
    • Book D.
    • Gregg O.E.
    Blood viscosity under different experimental conditions and its effect on blood flow.
    Am. J. Physiol. 1942; 135: 772
    • Google Scholar
27. • Einstein A.
    Uber die von der molkeularkinetisch-en-theorie der wurme gefordete Bewegung von in ruhenden Fluss-igkeiten suspendierten teilchen.
    Ann. Physik. 1905; 17: 549
    • Scopus (4481)
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
28. • Eirich F.R.
    Viscosity and the nature of substances of high molecular weight in solution.
    Rept. Progr. in Physics. 1940; 7: 329
    • Scopus (5)
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
29. • Ewald C.H.
    Ueber die transpiration des blutes.
    Arch. Anat. u. Physiol. 1877; : 208
    • Google Scholar
30. • Fahraeus R.
    The suspension stability of the blood.
    Physiol. Rev. 1929; 9: 241
    • Google Scholar
31. • Fahraeus R.
    • Lindqvist T.
    The viscosity of the blood in narrow capillary tubes.
    Am. J. Physiol. 1931; 96: 562
    • Google Scholar
32. • Fisher B.
    • Fedor E.J.
    • Lee S.H.
    • Wentzel W.K.
    • Selker R.G.
    • Russ C.
    Some physiologic effects of short and long-term hypothermia upon the liver.
    Surgery. 1956; 40: 862
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
33. • Frisch H.L.
    • Simha R.
    The viscosity of colloidal suspension and macromolecular solutions.
    in: Eirich F.R. Rheology. Academic Press, Inc, New York1956: 525
    • Google Scholar
34. • Gelin L.E.
    Studies in anemia of injury.
    Acta chir. scandinav. 1956;
    • Google Scholar
35. • Gelin L.E.
    • Lofstrom B.
    A preliminary study on peripheral circulation during deep hypothermia. Observations on decreased suspension stability of the blood and its prevention.
    Acta chir. scandinav. 1955; 108: 402
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
36. • Gelin L.E.
    • Shoemaker W.C.
    Hepatic blood flow and microcirculatory alterations induced by dextran of high and low viscosity.
    Surgery. 1961; 49: 713
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
37. • Gollan F.
    • Hoffman J.E.
    • Jones R.M.
    Maintenance of life below 10 ° C. without hemoglobin.
    Am. J. Physiol. 1954; 179: 640
    • Google Scholar
38. • Green H.L.
    Industrial rheology and rheological structures.
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York1949
    • Google Scholar
39. • Hady F.J.
    • Fleishman M.
    • Scott J.B.
    Effect of changes in air temperature upon systemic small and large vessel resistance.
    Circulation Res. 1957; 5: 58
    • PubMed
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
40. • Haynes R.H.
    • Burton A.C.
    Role of the non-Newtonian behavior of blood in hemodynamics.
    Am. J. Physiol. 1959; 197: 943
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
41. • Hegnauer A.H.
    • Shriber W.J.
    • Huterius H.O.
    Cardiovascular response of dog to immersion hypothermia.
    Am. J. Physiol. 1950; 161: 455
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
42. • Hess W.R.
    Der Stromungswiderstond der blutes gegenuber kleinen Druckwerten.
    Arch. Physiol. 1912; 14: 192
    • Google Scholar
43. • Horvarth S.M.
    • Spurr G.A.
    Effects of hypothermia on general metabolism.
    in: The physiology of induced hypothermia. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D. C1956: 21
    • Google Scholar
44. • Isaacs R.
    • Bethel F.H.
    • Kyer J.
    Weight of red blood cells in health and anemia.
    Univ. Hosp. Bull. Ann Arbor, Mich. 1937; 3: 85
    • Google Scholar
45. • Jeffery G.B.
    The motion of ellipsoidal particle immersed in a viscous fluid.
    in: Proc. Roy. Soc. A102. 1923: 163
    • Google Scholar
46. • Knisely M.H.
    • Block E.H.
    Microscopic observation of intravascular agglutination of red blood cells and consequent sludging of blood in human diseases.
    Anat. Rec. 1942; 82: 426
    • Google Scholar
47. • Knisely M.H.
    • Block E.H.
    • Elliot T.S.
    • Warner L.
    Sludged blood.
    Science. 1947; 106: 431
    • Scopus (85)
    • PubMed
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
48. • Knisely M.H.
    • Elliot T.S.
    • Block E.H.
    Sludged blood in traumatic shock.
    Arch. Surg. 1945; 51: 220
    • Scopus (31)
    • PubMed
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
49. • Kuhn L.A.
    • Turner J.K.
    Alterations in pulmonary and peripheral vascular resistance to immersion hypothermia.
    Circulation Res. 1959; 7: 366
    • Scopus (26)
    • PubMed
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
50. • Lewis F.J.
    Hypothermia.
    Surg. Gynec. & Obst. 1961; 113: 307
    • Google Scholar
51. • Lofstrom B.
    Induced hypothermia and intravascular aggregation.
    Acta anaesth. scandinav. 1959;
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
52. • Lopez-Belio M.
    • Tasaki G.
    • Balagot R.
    • Sanchez L.
    • Gomez F.
    • Julian O.C.
    Effect of hypothermia during cardiopulmonary by-pass on peripheral resistance.
    A. M. A. Arch. Surg. 1960; 81: 283
    • Scopus (3)
    • PubMed
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
53. • Lynch H.F.
    • Adolph E.F.
    Blood flow in small blood vessels during deep hypothermia.
    J. Appl. Physiol. 1957; 11: 192
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
54. • McDonald D.A.
    Blood flow in arteries.
    Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore1960
    • Google Scholar
55. • Muller A.
    Uber das Druckgefalle in Blutgefassen insbesondere in den kapillaren.
    Helvet. Physiol. acta. 1948; 6: 181
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
56. • Penrod K.E.
    Cardiac oxygenation during severe hypothermia in the dog.
    Am. J. Physiol. 1951; 164: 79
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
57. • Pirofsky B.
    The determination of blood viscosity in man by a method based on Poiseuille's law.
    J. Clin. Invest. 1953; 32: 292
    • Scopus (65)
    • PubMed
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
58. • Prec O.
    • Katz L.N.
    • Sennett L.
    • Roseman R.H.
    • Fishman A.P.
    • Hwang W.
    Determination of the kinetic energy of the heart in man.
    Am. J. Physiol. 1949; 159: 483
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
59. • Reynolds O.
    An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous and of the law of resistance in parallel channels.
    Philosoph. Tr. 1883; 174: 935
    • Google Scholar
60. • Rivlin H.S.
    The hydrodynamics of non-Newtonian fluids.
    in: Proc. Roy. Soc. 193. 1948: 260
    • Google Scholar
61. • Rodbard S.
    • Saiki H.
    • Malin A.
    • Young C.
    Significance of changes in plasma and extracellular volumes in induced hypothermia and hyperthermia.
    Am. J. Physiol. 1951; 164: 79
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
62. • Rothlin M.
    Viskosinetrische Studien uber den Einfluss der temperatur awf den Stromungswiderstand des Blutes und desen Komponenten.
    Arch. ges. Physiol. 1920; 179: 195
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
63. • Sabiston D.C.
    • Theilen E.D.
    • Gregg D.
    The relationship of coronary blood flow and cardiac output and other parameters in hypothermia.
    Surgery. 1955; 38: 498
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
64. • Sihma R.
    The influence of Brownian movement on the viscosity of solutions.
    J. Phys. Chem. 1940; 44: 25
    • Scopus (402)
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
65. • Sihma R.
    The influence of molecular flexibility on the intrinsic viscosity, sedimentation and diffusion of high polymers.
    J. Chem. Phys. 1945; 13: 188
    • Scopus (47)
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
66. • Sihma R.
    The concentration dependence of viscosities in dilute solutions.
    J. Colloid Sc. 1950; 5: 386
    • Scopus (19)
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
67. • Swan H.
    • Zeavin L.
    • Holmer J.H.
    • Montgomery V.
    Cessation of circulation in general hypothermia. I. Physiologic changes and their control.
    Ann. Surg. 1953; 138: 360
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
68. • Taylor I.M.
    The effect of low temperatures upon intracellular potassium in isolated tissues. The physiology of induced hypothermia.
    in: National Academy of Science, National Research Council, Washington, D. C1956: 6
    • Google Scholar
69. • Taylor M.G.
    Influence of the anomalous viscosity of blood upon its oscillatory flow.
    Phys. Med. Biol. 1959; 3: 273
    • Scopus (46)
    • PubMed
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
70. • Thoma R.
    Die experimentell-mathematische Behandlung des Blutkreislaufes.
    in: Abder-halden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden, Abt. 5, Teil 4. 2. 1927: 1103
    • Google Scholar
71. • Thorsen G.
    • Hint H.
    Aggregation, sedimentation and intravascular sludge of erythrocytes.
    Acta med. scandinav. 1950;
    • Google Scholar
72. • Vand V.
    Viscosity of solutions and suspensions. II. Experimental determination of the viscosity-concentration function of spherical suspensions.
    J. Phys. Coll. Chem. 1948; 52: 300
    • Scopus (127)
    • PubMed
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
73. • Velick S.E.
    • Gorin H.G.
    The electrical conductance of suspensions of ellipsoids and its relation to the study of Avian erythrocytes.
    J. Gen. Physiol. 1940; 23: 753
    • PubMed
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
74. • Von Kaulla K.N.
    • Swan H.
    Clotting deviations in man associated with open-heart surgery during hypothermia.
    J. Thoracic Surg. 1958; 36: 857
    • Google Scholar
75. • Wells R.E.
    • Merrill E.W.
    The variability of blood viscosity.
    Am. J. Med. 1961; 31: 505
    • Scopus (26)
    • PubMed
    • Abstract
    • Full Text PDF
    • Google Scholar
76. • Wells R.E.
    • Merrill E.W.
    Influence of flow properties of blood upon viscosity-hematocrit relationship.
    J. Clin. Invest. 1961; 40 (Abstract): 1088
    • Google Scholar
77. • Weltmann R.N.
    • Green H.L.
    Rheological properties of colloidal solutions, pigment suspensions, and oil mixtures.
    J. Appl. Physics. 1943; 14: 569
    • Scopus (24)
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
78. • Whittaker S.F.R.
    • Winton F.R.
    The apparent viscosity of blood flowing in the isolated hindlimb of the dog and its variation with corpuscular concentration.
    J. Physiol. 1933; 78: 339
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar
79. • Womersley J.R.
    Oscillatory flow in arteries: The reflection of the pulse wave at junctions and rigid inserts in the arterial system.
    Phys. Med. Biol. 1958; 2: 313
    • Scopus (96)
    • PubMed
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar
80. • Zudhi N.
    • McCullough B.
    • Curey J.
    • Greer A.
    Double helical reservoir heart-lung machine designed for hypothermic perfusion, primed with 5% dextrose in water inducing hemodilution.
    A. M. A. Arch. Surg. 1961; 82: 320
    • Scopus (29)
    • PubMed
    • Crossref
    • Google Scholar