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Central Surgical Association| Volume 96, ISSUE 4, P738-744, October 1984

Operation for diagnosis and treatment of pericardial effusions

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      Abstract

      An experience with 32 consecutive patients with pericardial effusions is reviewed and presented. Malignant effusions: Twenty patients had underlying malignancy. Five had no symptoms, nine had ambiguous symptoms, and six had pericardial tamponade. Initial treatment in eight was pericardiocentesis, which provided diagnosis and treatment in one but was clinically unsuccessful in seven and caused right ventricular puncture in one. Subxiphoid pericardial window in 19 patients showed malignant involvement in six but documented a nonmalignant effusion in 13. There were no operative complications, and no effusions have recurred with long-term follow-up. Only two patients with true malignant effusions had significant long-term survival as compared with 11 of 13 with benign effusions. Uremic effusions: Six patients with renal failure required intervention, three for hemodynamic compromise and one for possible infection. Diagnostic pericardiocentesis documented a sterile effusion in one patient. Five patients had subxiphoid pericardial window without recurrence of effusion. One patient required reexploration for rectus muscle bleeding. Other effusions: All six patients had hemodynamic compromise. Pericardiocentesis was successful in three of four patients but effected resolution in none. Subxiphoid pericardial window was performed in all. The effusion recurred in a patient with periarteritis nodosa, and a patient with viral myocarditis developed a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm that required operation. Conclusions: Subxiphoid pericardial window provides definitive diagnosis and treatment for pericardial effusions of all causes with low morbidity rates whereas pericardiocentesis is safe but usually ineffective/unproductive; many effusions in patients with cancer are not related to malignant pericardial involvement and documentation is important for treatment planning.

      Resumen

      Se presenta y se analiza una experiencia con 32 pacientes consecutivos con derrame pericárdico. Derrames malignos: veintidós pacientes tenían un proceso maligno subyacente. Cinco estaban asintomáticos, nueve tenían síntomas ambiguos y seis tuvieron taponamiento pericárdico. El tratamiento inicial en ocho, fue pericardiocentesis lo cual proporcionó el diagnóstico y tratamiento en uno y fracasó en siete. En un caso se produjo punción ventricular derecha. La creación de una ventana pericárdica subxifoidea en 19 pacientes, mostró malignidad en seis y documento un derrame no maligno en 13. No hubo complicaciones operatorias y no ha habido recurrencia del derrame en la observación a largo plazo. Solo dos pacientes con derrames malignos tuvieron sobrevida a largo plazo comparados con 11 de 13 con derrames benignos. Derrames urémicos: seis pacientes con insuficiencia renal requirieron intervención, tres por compromiso hemodinámico y uno por posible infección. La pericardiocentesis diagnóstica documentó un derrame esteril en un caso. Cinco pacientes se sometieron a operación para crear una ventana pericárdica subxifoidea sin recurrencia del derrame. Un paciente requirió reexploración por sangrado del músculo recto abdominal. Otros derrames: todos los pacientes (6) tuvieron compromiso hemodinámico. La pericardiocentesis tuvo éxito en tres de cuatro pero en ninguno resolvió totalmente el problema. Se realizó una ventana pericárdica subxifoidea en la totalidad. El derrame recurrió en un paciente con pericarditis nodosa y un paciente con miocarditis viral desarrolló un pseudoaneurisma ventricular izquierdo que necesitó cirugía. Conclusiones: (1) La ventana pericárdica subxifoidea proporciona un diagnóstico definitivo y tratamiento para los derrames pericárdicos de todas clases. Tiene baja morbilidad. La pericardiocentesis es segura pero habitualmente inefectiva e improductiva. (2) Muchos derrames en pacientes con cáncer, no significan invasión maligna del pericardio y esta información necesita documentarse para la planeación del tratamiento.
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