Advertisement
Clinical Review| Volume 128, ISSUE 5, P761-778, November 2000

Download started.

Ok

Chylous ascites: A collective review

      Abstract

      Surgery 2000;128:761-78.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Surgery
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Garrison F.
        An introduction to the history of medicine.
        WB Saunders, Philadelphia1913
        • Wegner R.
        Das Anatomenbildnis: seine Entwickelung im Zusammenhang mit der Anatomischen Abbildung.
        Benno Schwabe and Co, Basel, Switzerland1939
        • Asellius G.
        De Lactibus, sive lacteis venis, quarto vasoruni mesraicorum genere novo invento.
        1672 (Milan)
        • Avalon J.
        Jean Pecquet.
        Aesculape. 1927; 16: 137
        • Margotta R.
        Medicina nei secoli. (English: An illustrated history of medicine.).
        in: Paul Lewis Haymlyn Publishing Group, Feltham, England1968: 319
        • Schmidt J.
        Medical discoveries.
        Charles C Thomas, Springfield (IL)1959
        • McCarthy H
        • Organ CJ
        Chyloperitoneum.
        Arch Surg. 1958; 77: 421-432
        • Vasko J
        • Tapper R.
        The surgical significance of chylous ascites.
        Arch Surg. 1967; 95: 355-368
        • Press O
        • Press N
        • Kaufman S.
        Evaluation and management of chylous ascites.
        Ann Intern Med. 1982; 96: 258-264
        • Netter F.
        Atlas of human anatomy.
        CIBA-GEIGY Corp, Summit (NJ)1989
        • Ward P.
        Interpretation of ascitic fluid data.
        Postgrad Med. 1982; 71: 171-178
        • Browse N
        • Wilson N
        • Russo F
        • et al.
        Aetiology and treatment of chylous ascites.
        Br J Surg. 1992; 79: 1145-1150
        • Olszewski W.
        Lymph stasis: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
        CRC Press, Boca Raton (FL)1991
        • Lesser G
        • Bruno M
        • Enselberg K.
        Chylous ascites: newer insights and many remaining enigmas.
        Arch Intern Med. 1970; 125: 1073-1077
        • Briggs D
        • Bradley D
        • Hammack W.
        Medical grand rounds from the University of Alabama Medical Center.
        South Med J. 1966; 59: 192-196
        • Kinmonth J.
        Disorders of the circulation of chyle.
        J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1976; 17: 329-339
        • Frank B
        • et al.
        Failure of medium chain triglycerides in the treatment of persistent chylous ascites secondary to lymphosarcoma.
        Gastroenterology. 1966; 50: 677-683
        • Viswanathan U
        • Putnam T.
        Therapeutic intervenous alimentation for traumatic chylous ascites in a child.
        J Pediatr Surg. 1974; 9: 405-406
        • Camiel M
        • Benninghoff D
        • Alexander L.
        Lymphocytopenia with lymph extravasation from abnormal lymphatics: its occurrence with chylous ascites and chylothorax.
        Lymphology. 1970; 3: 147-151
        • McGuigan J
        • et al.
        Studies of the immunologic defects associated with intestinal lymphangiectasia, with some observations on dietary control of chylous ascites.
        Ann Intern Med. 1968; 68: 398-404
        • Camiel M
        • Benninghoff D
        • Alexander L.
        Chylous effusions, extravasation of contrast material, hypoplasia of lymph nodes and lymphocytopenia.
        Chest. 1971; 59: 107-110
        • Garty B
        • et al.
        Lymphocyte subpopulations in children with abnormal lymphatic circulation.
        J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989; 84: 515-520
        • Bruno M
        • Ober W.
        Recurrent chylous ascites.
        NY State J Med. 1970; 70: 282-290
        • Blalock A
        • Robinson C
        • Cunningham R
        • et al.
        Experimental studies on lymphatic blockage.
        Arch Surg. 1937; 34: 1049-1071
        • Maywood B
        • Goldstein L
        • Busuttil R.
        Chylous ascites after a Warren shunt.
        Am J Surg. 1978; 135: 700-702
        • Oosterbosch L
        • et al.
        Chylothorax and chylous ascites due to malignant lymphoma.
        Acta Clin Belg. 1995; 50: 20-24
        • Unger S
        • Chandler J.
        Chylous ascites in infants and children.
        Surgery. 1983; 93: 455-461
        • Calabrese P
        • Frank H
        • Taubin H.
        Lymphangiomyomatosis with chylous ascites: treatment with dietary fat restriction and medium chain triglycerides.
        Cancer. 1977; 40: 895-897
        • Evers K
        • Bliesener J.
        A simple screening method for detecting gastrointestinal protein loss in intestinal lymphangiectasia.
        Eur J Pediatr. 1978; 127: 127-132
        • Hurst P
        • Edwards J.
        Chylous ascites and obstructive lymphedema of the small bowel following abdominal radiotherapy.
        Br J Surg. 1979; 66: 780-781
        • Lentz S
        • Schray M
        • Wilson T.
        Chylous ascites after whole-abdomen irradiation for gynecologic malignancy.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990; 19: 435-438
        • Keung Y
        • Whitehead R
        • Cobos E.
        Chemotherapy treatment of chyloperitoneum and peritoneal carcinomatosis due to cervical cancer-review of literature.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1996; 61: 448-450
        • Goldfarb J.
        Chylous effusions secondary to pancreatitis: case report and review of the literature.
        Am J Gastroenterol. 1984; 79: 133-135
        • Sontag S
        • Cheifec G
        • Stanley M
        • et al.
        Postsurgical chylous ascites in sarcoidosis with portal hypertension.
        J Clin Gastroenterol. 1985; 7: 327-330
        • Cappell M
        • Friedman D
        • Mikhail N.
        Chyloperitoneum associated with chronic severe sarcoidosis.
        Am J Gastroenterol. 1993; 88: 99-101
        • Kaufman M.
        Chylous ascites and intestinal muscular hypertrophy occurring in the course of celiac sprue.
        Am J Dig Dis. 1975; 20: 494-497
        • Davis M
        • et al.
        Chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting with massive chylous ascites.
        Am J Gastroenterol. 1990; 85: 593-596
        • Hufford S
        • Hu E.
        Lymphoma and chylous ascites.
        West J Med. 1988; 148: 581-583
        • Perino L
        • Vierling J.
        Chyloperitoneum with collateral lymphatic drainage involving abdominal skin.
        Dig Dis Sci. 1987; 32: 660-664
        • Davies G
        • Wiernik P.
        Hairy cell leukemia with chylous ascites.
        JAMA. 1977; 238: 1541-1542
        • Nubie M
        • et al.
        Lymphedema and chylo-ascites: an unusual complication of lymphography.
        Neth J Med. 1977; 20: 18-22
        • Robbins S
        • Cotran R
        • Kumar V.
        Pathologic basis of disease.
        WB Saunders, Philadelphia1984
        • Maher E
        • Goodman M.
        Retroperitoneal malignant schwannoma and chylous effusions.
        Arch Intern Med. 1966; 118: 168-171
        • Ishida O
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites and chyloperitoneum.
        Med J Osaka Univ. 1965; 15: 417-441
        • Varga J
        • Palmer R
        • Koff R.
        Chylous ascites in adults.
        South Med J. 1985; 78: 1244-1247
        • Economopoulous G
        • Foster J.
        Treatment of chylous ascites by side-to-side portacaval shunt.
        Conn Med. 1984; 48: 281-282
        • Vargas-Tank L
        • Estay R
        • Ovalle L
        • Soto J.
        Esophageal sclero-therapy and chylous ascites [letter].
        Gastrointest Endosc. 1994; 40: 396
        • Benhain P
        • Strear C
        • Knudsen M
        • et al.
        Post-traumatic chylous ascites in a child: recognition and management of an unusual condition.
        J Trauma. 1995; 39: 1175-1177
        • Arora R
        • Arora Y.
        Chylous ascites in carcinoma of the breast.
        J Assoc Physicians India. 1994; 42: 265
        • Garcia-Roman J
        • et al.
        Endometrial carcinoma presenting with massive chylous ascites [letter].
        Presse Med. 1996; 25: 865
        • Sheth R
        • et al.
        Lymphangiomyomatosis with chylous effusions.
        South Med J. 1984; 77: 1032-1035
        • Abdul-Rahman I
        • et al.
        Primary lymphangiomatosis with chylous ascites.
        Med J Malaysia. 1994; 49: 179-181
        • Tsuchiya M
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites formation and a review of 84 cases.
        Angiology. 1973; 24: 576-584
        • Yamada N
        • et al.
        Ascites chylomicron: a poor substrate for hepatic triglyceride lipase.
        Clin Chim Acta. 1981; 110: 45-49
        • Greggs J
        • Spratts Jr., F
        Epidermoid CA of the penis [letter].
        J Urol. 1964; 91: 166
        • Baniel J
        • Rowland R
        • et al.
        Management of chylous ascites after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer.
        J Urol. 1993; 150 (RF): 1422-1424
        • Garcia-Falcon C
        • et al.
        Complications of permanent catheter implantation for peritoneal dialysis: incidence and risk factors.
        Adv Perit Dial. 1994; 10: 206-209
        • Besson R
        • Gottrand F
        • Sanulnier P
        • et al.
        Traumatic chylous ascites: conservative management.
        J Pediatr Surg. 1992; 27: 1543
        • Rosser B
        • Poterucha J
        • McKusick M
        • Kamath P.
        Thoracic duct-cutaneous fistula in a patient with cirrhosis of liver: successful treatment with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.
        Mayo Clin Proc. 1996; 71: 793-796
        • Sanchez R
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites in children.
        Surgery. 1971; 69: 183-188
        • Pearl J
        • Joyner J
        • Collins D.
        Chylous ascites: the first reported surgical cure by direct ligation.
        J Pediatr Surg. 1977; 12: 687-691
        • Rustgi A
        • et al.
        Successful management of late-onset primary lymphatic hypoplasia.
        Surgery. 1985; 97: 714-720
        • Guttman F
        • Montupet P
        • Bloss R.
        Experience with peritoneo-venous shunting for congenital chylous ascites in infants and children.
        J Pediatr Surg. 1982; 17: 368-372
        • Kroczek R.
        Congenital chyloperitoneum: direct comparison of medium-chain triglyceride treatment with total parenteral nutrition.
        Eur J Pediatr. 1985; 144: 77-79
        • Flores S
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites in sibs from a consanguineous marriage.
        Am J Med Genet. 1979; 3: 145-148
        • Craven C
        • et al.
        Congenital chylous ascites: lymphangio-graphic demonstration of obstruction of the cisterna chyli and chylous reflux into the peritoneal space and small intestine.
        J Pediatr. 1967; 70: 340-345
        • Sanger R
        • Wilmshurst C
        • Clye C.
        Chylous ascites following aneurysm surgery.
        Eur J Vasc Surg. 1991; 5: 689-692
        • Chye J
        • Lim C
        • Van der Heuvel M.
        Neonatal chylous ascites: report of three cases and a review of literature.
        Pediatr Surg Int. 1997; 12: 296-298
        • Duhra P
        • Quingley B
        • Marsh M.
        Chylous ascites, intestinal lymphangiectasia and the “yellow nail” syndrome.
        Gut. 1985; 26: 1266-1269
        • Levine C.
        Primary disorders of the lymphatic vessels: a unified concept.
        J Pediatr Surg. 1989; 24: 233-240
        • Fox U
        • et al.
        Disorders of the intestinal mesenteric lymphatic system.
        Lymphology. 1993; 26: 61-66
        • Provenza J
        • Bacon B.
        Chyloperitoneum associated with sarcoidosis.
        Am J Gastroenterol. 1993; 88: 1462-1463
        • Malek N
        • et al.
        A case of the yellow nail syndrome associated with massive chylous ascites, pleural and pericardial effusions.
        J Gastroenterol. 1996; 34: 763-766
        • Gaylis B
        • Parekh D
        • Stewart M.
        Benign chylous ascites: a case report.
        S Afr Med J. 1987; 72: 637-638
        • Seo Y
        • et al.
        Ruptured lymphocele as a cause of chylous ascites.
        Clin Nucl Med. 1999; 24: 60-61
        • Chen C
        • et al.
        Concomitant chyloperitoneum and omental cysts presenting as fetal ascites with intra-abdominal cysts on prenatal ultrasound.
        Prenat Diagn. 1998; 18: 984-986
        • Jansen T
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.
        Urology. 1964; 23: 565-567
        • Melnick J
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites complicating neonatal peritoneal dialysis.
        Pediatr Nephrol. 1995; 9: 753-755
        • Lin O
        • Scholes J
        • Lustbader I.
        Chylous ascites resulting from Kaposi's sarcoma in an aids patient.
        Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89: 2252-2253
        • Fife K
        • Talbot D
        • Mortimer P
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites in Kaposi's sarcoma: a case report.
        Br J Dermatol. 1992; 126: 378-379
        • Sarazin W
        • Sauter K.
        Chylous ascites following resection of a ruptured abdominal aneurysm; treatment with a perito-neovenous shunt.
        Arch Surg. 1986; 121: 246-247
        • Savrin R
        • High R.
        Chylous ascites after abdominal aortic surgery.
        Surgery. 1985; 98: 866-869
        • Ablan C
        • Littoey F
        • Freeark R.
        Postoperative chylous ascites: diagnosis and treatment: a series report and literature review.
        Arch Surg. 1990; 125: 270-273
        • Franklin J
        • Azose A.
        Sonographic appearance of chylous ascites.
        J Clin Ultrasound. 1984; 12: 239-240
        • Fleisher H
        • Oren J
        • Summer D.
        Chylous ascites after abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy: successful management with peritoneovenous shunt.
        J Vasc Surg. 1987; 6: 403-407
        • DeBartolo T
        • Etzkorn J.
        Conservative management of chylous ascites after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: case report.
        Mo Med. 1976; 73: 611-613
        • Meinke A
        • Estes N
        • Ernst C.
        Chylous ascites following abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy: management with total parenteral hyperalimentation.
        Ann Surg. 1979; 190: 631-633
        • Varekamp A
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites after aortic replacement.
        Eur J Surg. 1992; 158: 623-625
        • Pabst T
        • et al.
        Management of chyloperitoneum after abdominal aortic surgery.
        Am J Surg. 1993; 166: 194-198
        • Garrett H
        • et al.
        Retroperitoneal lymphocele after abdominal aortic surgery.
        J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1989; 10: 245-253
        • Boyd W
        • McPhail N
        • Barber G.
        Chylous ascites following abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy: surgical management with a peritoneovenous shunt.
        J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1989; 30: 627-629
        • Williams R
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites following abdominal aortic surgery.
        Ann Vasc Surg. 1991; 5: 247-252
        • Petrasek A
        • Ameli F.
        Conservative management of chylous ascites complicating aortic surgery.
        Can J Surg. 1996; 39: 499-501
        • Muller S
        • Lees T.
        Chyloperitoneum: an infrequent complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
        Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1998; 16: 443-444
        • Allen W
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites following retroperitoneal lymph-adenectomy for granulosa cell tumor of the testis.
        J Urol. 1986; 135: 797-798
        • Savlov E.
        Chylous ascites following retroperitoneal lymph node dissection successfully treated with peritoneovenous shunt.
        J Surg Oncol. 1987; 36: 228-229
        • Bigley H
        • Chenault O.
        Chylous ascites following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy.
        J Urol. 1975; 114: 948-950
        • Weinstein L
        • Scanlon G
        • Hersh T.
        Chylous ascites: management with medium-chain triglycerides and exacerbation by lymphangiography.
        Am J Dig Dis. 1969; 14: 500-509
        • Ryan J
        • Smith M
        • Page C.
        Treatment of chylous ascites with peritoneovenous shunt.
        Am Surg. 1981; 47: 384-386
        • Miedema E
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites complicating retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testis tumors; management with peritoneovenous shunting.
        J Urol. 1978; 120: 377-382
        • Ross G
        • et al.
        Urological aspects of chylous ascites: case report.
        Mo Med. 1971; 68: 312-313
        • Spence C
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites: an unusual complication following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testis tumor.
        J Urol. 1977; 117: 676-677
        • Silk Y
        • Goumas W
        • Douglass H.
        Chylous ascites and lymphocyst management by peritoneovenous shunt.
        Surgery. 1991; 110: 561-565
        • Rector R
        • Whittlesey G.
        Effective control of chylous ascites.
        J Pediatr Surg. 1993; 28: 76-77
        • Weston P
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites following retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testis cancer.
        Br J Urol. 1992; 70: 688-689
        • Kohnoe S
        • et al.
        Combination of preoperative lymphangiography using lipidol and intraoperative lymphangiography using Evans Blue facilitates the accurate identification of postoperative chylous fistulas.
        Surg Today. 1993; 23: 929-931
        • Geisler J
        • Foster R
        • Sutton G.
        Chyloperitoneum following treatment for advanced gynecologic malignancies.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1994; 83: 883-885
        • Hilfer C.
        Massive chylous ascites and transected pancreas secondary to child abuse: successful non-surgical management.
        Pediatr Radiol. 1995; 25: 117-119
        • Halachmi S
        • Noyman A
        • Moskovitz B
        • Nativ O.
        Successful treatment of postretroperitoneal lymph node dissection in massive chylous ascites.
        Eur J Urol. 1995; 28: 119-121
        • Panieri E
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites following abdominal aortic surgery.
        S Afr J Surg. 1995; 33: 26-28
        • Musgrove J.
        Post-vagotomy abdominal chylous fistula.
        Ann Surg. 1972; 175: 67-69
        • Clain A.
        Chylous ascites following vagotomy.
        Br J Surg. 1971; 58: 312-314
        • Schulman A
        • et al.
        Lymphography in post-vagotomy chylous ascites.
        Br J Radiol. 1981; 54: 915-918
        • Cox W
        • Schmitz R
        • Gillesby W.
        Unusual complications of vagotomy and pyloroplasty: chylous ascites and achalasia: case reports.
        Am Surg. 1966; 32: 259-260
        • Al-Mousawi M
        • Abu-Nma T.
        Chylous ascites: a rare complication of vagotomy: case report.
        Eur J Surg. 1991; 157: 149-150
        • Bettinik P.
        Chylo-ascites after extended radical nephrectomy.
        Br J Urol. 1984; 56: 440-441
        • Herz J
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites following retroperitoneal lymph-adenectomy: report of 2 cases with guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.
        Cancer. 1978; 42: 349-352
        • Roy J
        • Abdulian G
        • Walton K.
        Chylous ascites.
        J Urol. 1970; 103: 343-344
        • Freund H
        • Brewster D
        • Fisher J.
        Total parenteral nutrition in post-warren shunt chylous ascites [letter].
        Arch Surg. 1979; 114: 345
        • Parys S
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites following a Nissen fundoplication.
        J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1992; 15: 181-183
        • Slim K
        • Pezet D
        • Chipponi J.
        Development of chylous ascites after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.
        Eur J Surg. 1996; 163: 793-794
        • Humayun H
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites in a patient treated with intermittent peritoneal dialysis.
        Artif Organs. 1984; 8: 358-360
        • Sipes S
        • Newton M
        • Lurain J.
        Chylous ascites: a sequel of pelvic radiation therapy.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 66: 832-835
        • Murray J
        • Massey F.
        Chylous ascites after radiation therapy for ovarian cancer.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1974; 44: 749-751
        • Howard P
        • Knudsen K
        • White R.
        Chylous ascites due to retroperitoneal tuberculosis lymphadenitis.
        Surg Clin North Am. 1972; 52: 493-496
        • Jhittay P
        • Wolverson R
        • Wilson A.
        Acute chylous peritonitis with associated intestinal tuberculosis.
        J Pediatr Surg. 1986; 21: 75-76
        • Anbarasu A
        • Upadhayay A
        • Merchant A
        • et al.
        Tuberculous chylous ascites: pathognomonic CT findings.
        Abdominal Imaging. 1997; 22: 50-51
        • Arsura E
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites associated with tuberculosis in a patient with AIDS.
        Clin Infect Dis. 1994; 19: 973
        • Perez Fontan M
        • Pombo F
        • Soto A
        • Rodriquez-Carmona A.
        Chylous ascites associated with acute pancreatitis in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
        Nephron. 1993; 63: 458-461
        • Chu C
        • Lin S
        • Peng S
        • et al.
        The role of laparoscopy in the evaluation of ascites of unknown origin.
        Gastrointest Endosc. 1994; 40: 285-289
        • Zhang Z
        • Howard J.
        Chylous ascites: a late complication of massive peripancreatic necrosis.
        Int J Pancreatol. 1997; 21: 259-261
        • Leong M
        • et al.
        Chylothorax and chyloperitoneum due to ascariasis in a child.
        Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998; 26: 69-73
        • Roodhooft A
        • Van Acker K
        • De Broe M.
        Chylous peritonitis: an infrequent complication of peritoneal dialysis.
        Perit Dial Bull. 1987; 7: 195-196
        • Pomeranz A
        • Reichenberg Y
        • Schurr D
        • Drukker A.
        Chyloperitoneum: a rare complication of peritoneal dialysis.
        Perit Dial Bull. 1984; 4: 35-37
        • Porter J
        • Wang W
        • Oliveira D.
        Chylous ascites and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
        Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1991; 6: 659-661
        • Dillard R
        • Stewart A.
        Total parenteral nutrition in the management of traumatic chylous ascites in infancy.
        Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1985; 24: 290-292
        • Boysen B.
        Chylous ascites: manifestation of the battered child syndrome.
        Am J Dis Child. 1975; 129: 1338-1339
        • Vollman R
        • Keenan W
        • Franklin A.
        Post-traumatic chylous ascites in infancy.
        N Engl J Med. 1966; 275: 875-877
        • Olazagasti J
        • et al.
        Chylous ascites: a sign of unsuspected child abuse.
        Pediatrics. 1994; 94: 737-739
        • Skala J
        • et al.
        Chyle leakage after blunt trauma.
        Lymphology. 1992; 25: 62-68
        • Maurer C
        • et al.
        Blunt abdominal trauma causing chyloperitoneum.
        J Trauma. 1997; 43: 696-697
        • Bal A
        • Gormley C
        • Gordon D
        • Ellis C.
        Chylous ascites: a manifestation of blunt abdominal trauma in an infant.
        J Pediatr Surg. 1998; 33: 650-652
        • Watanabe A
        • Jeffrey R.
        CT diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the cisterna chyli.
        J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1987; 11: 175-176
        • Loiterman D
        • Bleicher M.
        Chylous ascites: an etiology of peritonitis in infancy.
        J Pediatr Surg. 1985; 20: 538-540
        • Thompson P
        • Halpern N
        • Aldrete J.
        Acute chylous peritonitis.
        J Clin Gastroenterol. 1981; 3: 51-55
        • Lindenbaum J
        • Scheidt S.
        Chylous ascites and the nephrotic syndrome: report of a case, associated with renal vein thrombosis.
        Am J Med. 1968; 44: 830-836
        • Jahsman W.
        Chylothorax: a brief review of the literature, report of 3 non-traumatic cases.
        Ann Intern Med. 1944; 21: 669-678
        • Hibbeln J
        • Wehmueller M
        • Wilbur A.
        Chylous ascites: CT and ultrasound appearance.
        Abdominal Imaging. 1995; 20: 138-140
        • Pui M
        • Yueh T.
        Lymphoscintigraphy in chyluria, chyloperitoneum and chylothorax.
        J Nucl Med. 1998; 39: 1292-1296
        • Andrews J
        • Binder L.
        Lymphoscintigraphy pre- and post-surgical lymphatic leak repair.
        Australas Radiol. 1996; 40: 19-21
        • Sachs P
        • et al.
        Diagnosis and localization of laceration of the thoracic duct: usefulness of lymphangiography and CT.
        Am J Roentgenol. 1991; 157: 703-705
        • Cope C.
        Diagnosis and treatment of postoperative chyle leakage via percutaneous transabdominal catheterization of the cisterna chyli: a preliminary study.
        J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1998; 9: 727-734
        • Rubinstein D
        • McInnes I
        • Dudley F.
        Morbidity and mortality after peritoneovenous shunt surgery for refractory ascites.
        Gut. 1985; 26: 1070-1073
        • Staats BA
        • Ellefson RD
        • Budahn LL
        • Dines DE
        • Prakash UB
        • Offord K.
        The lipoprotein profile of chylous and nonchylous pleural effusions.
        Mayo Clin Proc. 1980; 55: 700-704