Background
Operative injury to the body from all procedures causes a stereotypical cascade of
neuroendocrine, cytokine, myeloid, and acute phase responses. This response has been
examined commonly by the use of cortisol, interleukin-6 (IL-6), white cell count,
and C-reactive protein (CRP). We aimed to determine which markers of the systemic
inflammatory response were useful in determining the magnitude of injury after elective
operations.
Methods
A systematic review of the literature was performed using surgery, endocrine response,
systemic inflammatory response, cortisol, IL-6, white cell count, and CRP. For each
analyte the studies were grouped according to whether the operative injury was considered
to be minor, moderate, or major and then by the operative procedure.
Results
A total of 164 studies were included involving 14,362 patients. The IL-6 and CRP responses
clearly were associated with the magnitude of operative injury and the invasiveness
of the operative procedure. For example, the peak CRP response increased from 52 mg/L
with cholecystectomy to 123 mg/L with colorectal cancer resection, 145 mg/L with hip
replacement, 163 mg/L after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, and 189 mg/L after open
cardiac surgery. There also appeared to be a difference between minimally invasive/laparoscopic
and open procedures such as cholecystectomy (27 vs 80 mg/L), colorectal cancer resection
(97 vs 133 mg/L), and aortic aneurysm repair (132 vs 180 mg/L).
Conclusion
Peak IL-6 and CRP concentrations consistently were associated with the magnitude of
operative injury and operative procedure. These markers may be useful in the objective
assessment of which components of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery are likely to improve
patient outcome and to assess the possible impact of operative injury on immune function.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to SurgeryAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Second annual Jonathan E. Rhoads Lecture. The metabolic response to injury and its nutritional implications: retrospect and prospect.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1979; 3: 108-129
- The stress response to trauma and surgery.Br J Anaesth. 2000; 85: 109-117
- The immune response to surgery and trauma: implications for treatment.J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012; 73: 801-808
- Interleukin-18 and IL-18 binding protein.Front Immunol. 2013; 4: 289
- Interleukin-6 in clinical medicine.Ann Hematol. 1991; 62: 203-210
- Systemic cytokine response after major surgery.Br J Surg. 1992; 79: 757-760
- Mechanisms of disease: acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation.N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 448-454
- C-reactive protein: a critical update.J Clin Invest. 2003; 111: 1805-1812
- Serum C-reactive protein as a marker for wellness assessment.Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2006; 36: 163-169
- Clinical utility or peri-operative C-reactive protein testing in general surgery.Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2008; 90: 317-321
- Early time course of the acute phase protein response in man.J Clin Pathol. 1983; 36: 203-207
- Aging is associated with chronic innate immune activation and dysregulation of monocyte phenotype and function.Aging Cell. 2012; 11: 867-875
- Effects of aging on inflammation and hemostasis through the continuum of critical illness.Aging Dis. 2011; 2: 501-511
- Proinflammatory cytokines, aging, and age-related diseases.J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013; 14: 877-882
- Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014; 105: 141-150
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of use of serum C-reactive protein levels to predict anastomotic leak after colorectal surgery.Br J Surg. 2014; 101: 339-346
- Diagnostic study and meta-analysis of C-reactive protein as a predictor of postoperative inflammatory complications after gastroesophageal cancer surgery.Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2012; 397: 727-736
- Hypoxia and inflammation.N Engl J Med. 2011; 364: 656-665
- Targeting inflammation and wound healing by opioids.Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2013; 34: 303-312
- Intraoperative use of ketorolac or diclofenac is associated with improved disease-free survival and overall survival in conservative breast cancer surgery.Br J Anaesth. 2014; 113: i82-i87
- Similar effects of general and spinal anaesthesia on perioperative stress response in patients undergoing haemorrhoidectomy.Mediators Inflamm. 2006; 2006: 97257
- The effect of anesthesia type on stress hormone response: comparison of general versus epidural anesthesia.Niger J Clin Pract. 2014; 17: 523-527
- Lymphocyte apoptosis after major abdominal surgery is not influenced by anesthetic technique: a comparative study of general anesthesia versus combined general and epidural analgesia.J Clin Anesth. 2009; 21: 414-421
- Desflurane versus sevoflurane: a comparison on stress response.Minerva Anestesio. 2013; 79: 7-14
- Epidural anesthesia followed by epidural analgesia produces less inflammatory response than spinal anesthesia followed by intravenous morphine analgesia in patients with total knee arthroplasty.Med Sci Monit. 2013; 19: 73-80
- Effects of postoperative analgesia on acute phase response in thoracic surgery.Med Arh. 2010; 64: 113-115
- The metabolic response to stress - an overview and update.Anesthesiology. 1990; 73: 308-327
- IL-6: from its discovery to clinical applications.Int Immunol. 2010; 22: 347-352
- Meta-analysis: pre-operative infliximab treatment and short-term post-operative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis.Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010; 31: 486-492
- Anti-tumor necrosis factor and postoperative complications in Crohn’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012; 18: 2404-2413
- Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as therapy for inflammatory disorders.Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2001; 1: 301-308
- Targeting interleukin-6: all the way to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.Int J Biol Sci. 2012; 8: 1227-1236
- Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation.Nat Rev Immunol. 2013; 13: 159-175
- Laparoscopic surgery and the systemic immune response.Ann Surg. 1998; 227: 326-334
- Stress response to laparoscopic surgery - A review.Surg Endosc. 2004; 18: 1022-1028
- Is minimal access surgery for cancer associated with immunologic benefits?.World J Surg. 2005; 29: 975-981
- Anaesthesia, surgery, and challenges in postoperative recovery.Lancet. 2003; 362: 1921-1928
- Systematic review of the literature for the use of oesophageal Doppler monitor for fluid replacement in major abdominal surgery.Anaesthesia. 2008; 63: 44-51
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of oesophageal Doppler-guided fluid management in colorectal surgery.Br J Surg. 2013; 100: 1701-1708
- Fast-track surgery.Br J Surg. 2005; 92: 3-4
- Systematic review of enhanced recovery programmes in colonic surgery.Br J Surg. 2006; 93: 800-809
- Fast-track colorectal surgery.Lancet. 2008; 371: 791-793
- The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway for patients undergoing major elective open colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clin Nutr. 2010; 29: 434-440
- Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols: time to change practice?.Can Urol Assoc J. 2011; 5: 342-348
- A systematic review of enhanced recovery protocols in colorectal surgery.Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2011; 93: 583-588
- Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs for patients having colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.J Gastrointest Surg. 2009; 13: 2321-2329
- Fast track surgery versus conventional recovery strategies for colorectal surgery.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; : CD007635
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of enhanced recovery after pancreatic surgery with particular emphasis on pancreaticoduodenectomies.World J Surg. 2013; 37: 1909-1918
- A systematic review of outcomes in patients undergoing liver surgery in an enhanced recovery after surgery pathways.HPB (Oxford). 2013; 15: 245-251
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of enhanced recovery programmes in surgical patients.Br J Surg. 2014; 101: 172-188
- Systematic review of outcomes used to evaluate enhanced recovery after surgery.Br J Surg. 2014; 101: 159-171
- Does surgery unfavourably perturb the “natural history” of early breast cancer by accelerating the appearance of distant metastases?.Eur J Cancer. 2005; 41: 508-515
- Dormancy and surgery-driven escape from dormancy help explain some clinical features of breast cancer.APMIS. 2008; 116: 730-741
- Persistent elevation of C-reactive protein following esophagogastric cancer resection as a predictor of postoperative surgical site infectious complications.World J Surg. 2011; 35: 1017-1025
- C-reactive protein as early predictor for infectious postoperative complications in rectal surgery.Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007; 22: 1499-1507
- C-reactive protein as a predictor of postoperative infective complications following elective colorectal resection.Colorectal Dis. 2011; 13: 583-587
- Increase of serum C-reactive protein is an early indicator of subsequent symptomatic anastomotic leakage after anterior resection.Colorectal Dis. 2008; 10: 75-80
- Impact of day 2 C-reactive protein on day 3 and 4 thresholds associated with infective complications following curative surgery for colorectal cancer.World J Surg. 2013; 37: 2705-2710
- Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic versus open abdominal rectopexy for rectal prolapse.Br J Surg. 2002; 89: 35-39
- Metabolic and respiratory changes after cholecystectomy performed via laparotomy or laparoscopy.Br J Anaesth. 1992; 69: 341-345
- Comparison of metabolic responses to laparoscopic and minilaparotomy cholecystectomy.Br J Surg. 1993; 80: 1255-1258
- The stress response to laparoscopic cholecystectomy: investigation of endocrine parameters.Endoscopy. 1994; 26: 235-238
- Metabolic and inflammatory responses after open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Br J Surg. 1994; 81: 127-131
- Metabolic responses to cholecystectomy - open vs laparoscopic approach.J Laparoendosc Surg. 1994; 4: 311-317
- General stress-response to conventional and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Ann Surg. 1995; 221: 372-380
- A prospective randomized comparison of the metabolic and stress hormonal responses of laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy.J Am Coll Surg. 1996; 183: 249-256
- Systemic stress response after laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy: a randomized trial.Br J Surg. 1997; 84: 467-471
- Changes in immune-endocrine response after surgery.Cytokines. 1998; 10: 549-554
- Diminished interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein responses to laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999; 43: 146-152
- Effect of surgical stress on endogenous morphine and cytokine levels in the plasma after laparoscopoic or open cholecystectomy.Surg Endosc. 2000; 14: 137-140
- Evaluation of the response of cortisol, corticotropin and blood platelets kinetics after laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy.Acta Cir Bras. 2005; 20: 364-367
- Metabolic and inflammatory responses after laparoscopic and open inguinal hernia repair.Ann Roy Coll Surg. 1998; 80: 125-130
- Systemic stress responses after laparoscopic or open hernia repair.Eur J Surg. 2000; 166: 467-471
- Endocrine and immune effects of dexamethasone in unilateral total knee replacement.J Int Med Res. 2006; 34: 603-611
- Differences in stress response between patients undergoing transurethral resection versus endoscopic laser ablation of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia.Lasers Med Sci. 2008; 23: 65-70
- Epidural ropivacaine and sufentanil and the perioperative stress response after a radical retropubic prostatectomy.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011; 55: 282-289
- Thoracic epidural analgesia inhibits the neuro-hormonal but not the acute inflammatory stress response after radical retropubic prostatectomy.Br J Anaesth. 2013; 110: 747-757
- Metabolic and inflammatory responses after laparoscopic and abdominal hysterectomy.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 179: 1-5
- Laparoscopically assisted vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy: comparison of postoperative pain, fatigue and systemic response. A case-control study.Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2001; 18: 530-539
- Serum cortisol and acute phase protein concentrations after hysterectomy with and without peritoneal sutures.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004; 113: 240-244
- Effect of ascorbic acid on surgical stress response in gynecologic surgery.Int J Clin Pract. 2004; 58: 928-931
- Interleukin-6 response to laparoscopic and open colectomy.Dis Colon Rectum. 1994; 37: 754-759
- Metabolic and functional results after laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a randomized, controlled trial.Dis Colon Rectum. 2002; 45: 1070-1077
- Cytokine and hormonal responses in laparoscopic-assisted colectomy and conventional open colectomy.Surg Today. 2000; 30: 107-111
- Acute phase response in laparoscopic and open colectomy in colon cancer: randomized study.Dis Colon Rectum. 2001; 44: 638-646
- Large-dose intrathecal sufentanil prevents the hormonal stress response during major abdominal surgery: a comparison with intravenous sufentanil in a prospective randomized trial.Anesth Analg. 2004; 99: 1114-1120
- Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) program attenuates stress and accelerates recovery in patients after radical resection for colorectal cancer: a prospective randomized controlled trial.World J Surg. 2012; 36: 407-414
- Evaluation of stress-related hormones after surgery by laparoscopy or laparotomy.J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 1996; 3: 229-234
- Neuroendocrine stress response in patients undergoing benign ovarian cyst surgery by laparoscopy, minilaparotomy, and laparotomy.J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 2003; 10: 159-165
- Changes in plasma IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 after total hip replacement surgery in general or regional anaesthesia.Cytokines. 2000; 12: 1156-1159
- Relationship of the functional recovery after hip arthroplasty to the neuroendocrine and inflammatory responses.Br J Anaesth. 2001; 87: 537-542
- Inflammatory cytokines in relation to adrenal response following total hip replacement.Scand J Immunol. 2007; 65: 99-105
- The impact of long-lasting preemptive epidural analgesia before total hip replacement on the hormonal stress response. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study.Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2010; 20: 679-684
- Effects of continuous epidural anesthesia and postoperative epidural analgesia on pain management and stress response in patients undergoing major spinal surgery.Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013; 38: 1324-1330
- Serum cytokine changes after gastric resection or gastrectomy for gastric cancer.Hepatogastroenterology. 2008; 55: 1868-1872
- Systemic stress response after laparoscopic and open gastric bypass.J Am Coll Surg. 2002; 194: 557-566
- Immunological changes after minimally invasive or conventional esophageal resection for cancer: a randomized trial.World J Surg. 2014; 38: 131-137
- Persistent endocrine stress response in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.J Endocrinol Invest. 1998; 21: 12-19
- A prospective randomized study to evaluate stress response during beating-heart and conventional coronary revascularization.Ann Thorac Surg. 2004; 78: 506-512
- Endocrine-metabolic response to abdominal aortic surgery: a randomized trial of general anesthesia versus general plus epidural anesthesia.World J Surg. 1993; 17 (discussion 6-7): 601-606
- Inflammatory responses in open versus laparoscopic herniorrhaphy.J Laparoendosc Surg. 1995; 5: 317-326
- Metabolic responses after laparoscopic or open hernia repair.Surg Endosc. 1996; 10: 628-632
- Systemic inflammatory responses during laparoscopic and open inguinal hernia repair: a randomised prospective study.Eur J Surg. 2000; 166: 540-544
- Reduced acute phase response after laparoscopic total extraperitoneal bilateral hernia repair compared to open repair with the Stoppa procedure.Surg Endosc. 2002; 16: 1214-1219
- Response of serum interleukin-6 in patients undergoing elective surgery of varying severity.Clin Sci. 1990; 79: 161-165
- Response of serum cytokines in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Surg Endosc. 1994; 8: 1380-1384
- Evaluation of immune response in patients after open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Hepatogastroenterology. 2001; 48: 642-646
- A comparison of serum interleukin-6 concentrations in patients treated by cholecystectomy via laparotomy or laparoscopy.Hepatogastroenterology. 2004; 51: 1595-1599
- Changes in the blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and cytokine profile during laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy.Surg Endosc. 2004; 18: 1090-1096
- Surgical stress response and clinical outcomes of single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: prospective nonrandomized study.Am Surg. 2012; 78: 485-491
- The neutrophils response after laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy.Ann Ital Chir. 2013; 84: 153-158
- Systemic inflammation and immune response after laparotomy vs laparoscopy in patients with acute cholecystitis, complicated by peritonitis.World J Gastrointest Surg. 2013; 5: 73-82
- Peri-operative acute phase response and cytokine releasein women with breast cancer: modulation bypolyadenylic-polyuridylic acid.Eur J Surg Oncol. 1999; 25: 574-579
- Cytokine response in the postoperative period after surgical treatment of benign adnexal masses: comparison between laparoscopy and laparotomy.Surg Endosc. 2007; 21: 1841-1848
- Prospective non-randomized evaluation of four mediators of the systemic response after extraperitoneal laparoscopic and open retropubic radical prostatectomy.BJU Int. 2007; 99: 1461-1466
- Postoperative plasma interleukin-6 in patients with renal cancer correlates with C-reactive protein but not with total fibrinogen or with high molecular weight fibrinogen fraction.Thromb Res. 1998; 89: 243-248
- Laparoendoscopic single-site and conventional laparoscopic radical nephrectomy result in equivalent surgical trauma: preliminary results of a single-centre retrospective controlled study.Eur Urol. 2012; 61: 1048-1053
- Serum concentrations of interleukin-6, tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha, and c-reactive protein in patients undergoing major operations.Eur J Surg. 1995; 161: 17-22
- Systemic inflammatory response after laparoscopic and open application of adjustable banding for morbidly obese patients.Obes Surg. 2002; 12: 276-279
- Laparoscopy-assisted Billroth I gastrectomy compared with conventional open gastrectomy.Arch Surg. 2000; 135: 806-810
- Clinical influence of vagotomy on postoperative acute phase response.Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2007; 392: 127-130
- Clinical outcome and tissue trauma after laparoscopic and abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized controlled study.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000; 79: 866-871
- Prospective evaluation of the systemic immune response following abdominal, vaginal, and laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy.Surg Endosc. 2001; 15: 463-466
- A randomized study of total abdominal, vaginal and laparoscopic hysterectomy.Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003; 83: 37-43
- Comparative evaluation of surgical stress of laparoscopically assisted vaginal radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy and laparotomy for early-stage cervical cancer.Oncol Lett. 2011; 2: 747-752
- Role of serum interleukin-6 in comparing surgical stress after laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy and non-descent vaginal hysterectomy for large uteri.Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012; 285: 671-676
- Less systemic cytokine response in patients following microendoscopic versus open lumbar discectomy.J Orthop Res. 2005; 23: 406-411
- Injury measurement properties of serum interleukin-6 following lumbar decompression surgery.J Surg Res. 2009; 157: 161-167
- Acute phase reactants and interleukin 6 after total hip replacement. Effects of high dose corticosteroids.Eur J Surg. 1992; 158: 339-345
- Serum endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-6 response to total hip arthroplasty.Mil Med. 1993; 158: 712-716
- Interleukin-6: a potential inflammatory marker after total joint replacement.Int Orthop. 2000; 24: 194-196
- Serum interleukin-6 response to elective total hip replacement surgery.Int Orthop. 2006; 30: 172-176
- Effect of combined prednisolone, epidural analgesia, and indomethacin on the systemic response after colonic surgery.Arch Surg. 1992; 127: 325-331
- Prospective randomized study of laparoscopic versus open colonic resection for adenocarcinoma.Br J Surg. 1997; 84: 391-396
- Laparoscopic-assisted vs. open surgery for colorectal cancer: comparative study of immune effects.Dis Colon Rectum. 1998; 41: 901-909
- Systemic cytokine response after laparoscopic-assisted resection of rectosigmoid carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial.Ann Surg. 2000; 231: 506-511
- Inflammatory response after laparoscopic and conventional colorectal resections—results of a prospective randomized trial.Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2000; 385: 2-9
- Changes in T cell subsets, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein after laparoscopic and open colorectal resection for malignancy.Surg Endosc. 2001; 15: 1289-1293
- Comparative evaluation of surgical stress of laparoscopic and open surgeries for colorectal carcinoma.Dis Colon Rectum. 2001; 44: 223-230
- Cellular and humoral inflammatory response after laparoscopic and conventional colorectal resections.Surg Endosc. 2001; 15: 600-608
- Immunological effects of laparoscopic vs open colorectal surgery.Arch Surg. 2005; 140: 692-697
- Systemic cytokine response after emergency and elective surgery for colorectal carcinoma.Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009; 24: 803-808
- Impact of surgery on immunologic function: comparison between minimally invasive techniques and conventional laparotomy for surgical resection of colorectal tumors.Am J Surg. 2009; 197: 238-245
- Postoperative pain and systemic inflammatory stress response after preoperative analgesia with clonidine or levobupivacaine: a randomized controlled trial.Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2009; 121: 558-563
- Effect of prednisolone on local and systemic response in laparoscopic vs. open colon surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Dis Colon Rectum. 2009; 52: 1080-1088
- Randomized clinical trial comparing inflammatory and angiogenic response after open versus laparoscopic curative resection for colonic cancer.Br J Surg. 2011; 98: 50-59
- Immunologic response after laparoscopic colon cancer operation within an enhanced recovery program.J Gastrointest Surg. 2012; 16: 1379-1388
- Pro-inflammatory cytokine release in rectal surgery: comparison between laparoscopic and open surgical techniques.Arch Immunol Ther Exp. 2013; 61: 407-411
- Stress response to hepatectomy in patients with a healthy or a diseased liver.World J Surg. 2003; 27: 761-764
- Assessment of systemic inflammatory response (SIR) in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation or partial liver resection for liver tumors.Eur J Surg Oncol. 2008; 34: 662-667
- Early post-operative measurement of cytokine plasma levels combined with pre-operative bilirubin levels identify high-risk patients after liver resection.Int J Mol Med. 2011; 27: 447-454
- Fundoplication: a model for immunologic aspects of laparoscopic and conventional surgery.J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2000; 10: 35-40
- A prospective randomized study of systemic inflammation and immune response after laparoscopic nissen fundoplication performed with standard and low-pressure pneumoperitoneum.Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2013; 23: 189-196
- Comparison of surgical stress between laparoscopic and open colonic resections.Surg Endosc. 2003; 17: 242-246
- Use of low-dose steroids in decreasing cytokine release during bilateral total knee replacement.Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011; 36: 36-40
- VATS lobectomy reduces cytokine responses compared with conventional surgery.Ann Thorac Surg. 2000; 70: 243-247
- Pulmonary function, postoperative pain, and serum cytokine level after lobectomy: a comparison of VATS and conventional procedure.Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 72: 362-365
- Pro-inflammatory cytokines after different kinds of cardio-thoracic surgical procedures: is what we see what we know?.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005; 28: 569-575
- The effect of tramadol on serum cytokine response in patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy.J Clin Anesth. 2005; 17: 444-450
- Cytokine response is lower after lung volume reduction through bilateral thoracoscopy versus sternotomy.Ann Thorac Surg. 2007; 83: 252-256
- Effects of major and minor surgery on plasma glutamine and cytokine levels.Arch Surg. 1992; 127: 1237-1240
- Biological responses differ considerably between endovascular and conventional aortic aneurysm surgery.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1996; 12: 18-25
- The effects of epidural anesthesia on the neuroendocrine response to major surgical stress: a randomized prospective trial.Am Surg. 1997; 63: 75-80
- Postoperative fever, bowel ischaemia and cytokine response to abdominal aortic aneurysm repair - a comparison between endovascular and open surgery.Eur J Vasc Endovasc. 1998; 15: 398-405
- Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine-response in abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a clinical model of ischemia-reperfusion.Shock. 1999; 11: 305-310
- Endovascular AAA repair attenuates the inflammatory and renal responses associated with conventional surgery.J Endovasc Ther. 2000; 7: 359-371
- Sigmoid ischemia and the inflammatory response following endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.J Endovasc Ther. 2000; 7: 21-30
- Early inflammatory response after elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a comparison between endovascular procedure and conventional surgery.J Vasc Surg. 2000; 32: 234-246
- The inflammatory response following treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a comparison between open surgery and endovascular repair.Eur J Vasc Endovasc. 2000; 19: 536-544
- Endovascular stent-graft placement versus conventional open surgery in infrarenal aortic aneurysm: a prospective study on acute phase response and clinical outcome.Clin Chim Acta. 2001; 314: 203-207
- Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine release in open versus endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm.Br J Surg. 2001; 88: 1335-1340
- Combination of epidural anesthesia and general anesthesia attenuates stress response to renal transplantation surgery.Transplant Proc. 2012; 44: 2949-2954
- Systemic cytokine response to hepatic resections under total vascular exclusion.Eur J Surg. 1998; 164: 185-190
- Is major liver surgery associated with an increased systemic inflammatory response? A prospective comparison of hemihepatectomy and other major abdominal surgery.Liver. 1999; 19: 220-227
- Preoperative high-dose steroid administration attenuates the surgical stress response following liver resection: results of a prospective randomized study.J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2007; 14: 484-492
- Systemic inflammation present in patients undergoing CABG without extracorporeal circulation.Chest. 1998; 113: 1290-1295
- Milrinone modulates endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and subsequent acute phase response after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Anesthesiology. 1999; 90: 72-80
- Systemic inflammation, coagulopathy, and acute renal insufficiency following endovascular thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair.J Vasc Surg. 2009; 49: 1140-1146
- The inflammatory reaction in elective flap surgery.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998; 101: 1524-1528
- Diagnostic accuracy of C-reactive protein and white blood cell counts in the early detection of inflammatory complications after open resection of colorectal cancer: a retrospective study of 1,187 patients.Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011; 26: 1405-1413
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein values in patients with total hip arthroplasty.Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987; : 238-246
- Postoperative physiopathological analysis of inflammatory parameters in patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty.Int J Tissue React. 2001; 23: 151-154
- CRP and leukocyte-count after lumbar spine surgery: fusion vs. nucleotomy.Acta Orthop. 2011; 82: 489-493
- Laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy for early gastric cancer—Comparison with conventional open total gastrectomy.Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2005; 15: 309-314
- Comparison of invasiveness between laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy and open total gastrectomy.World J Surg. 2009; 33: 2389-2395
- Laparoscopy-assisted pancreas- and spleen-preserving total gastrectomy for gastric cancer as compared with open total gastrectomy.Surg Endosc. 2009; 23: 2416-2423
- Comparison of Serum CRP and Procalcitonin in Patients after Spine Surgery.J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2011; 49: 43-48
- A prospective randomized study of the systemic immune response after laparoscopic and conventional Nissen fundoplication.Surgery. 1999; 126: 5-9
- Inflammatory response measured by body temperature, C-reactive protein and white blood cell count 1, 3, and 5 days after laparotomic or laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery.Obes Surg. 2009; 19: 890-893
- Plasma C reactive protein in elective orthopedic surgery [in Spanish].Rev Med Chil. 2005; 133 (Valores plasmaticos de proteina C reactiva (PCR) en cirugia ortopedica electiva): 1341-1348
- Serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-C reactive protein responses in patients after laparoscopic or conventional cholecystectomy.Eur J Surg. 1992; 158: 541-544
- Minimal access surgery for cholelithiasis induces an attenuated acute phase response.Am J Surg. 1999; 178: 232-234
- Effects of cholecystectomy (laparoscopic versus open) on PMN-elastase.Hepatogastroenterology. 2007; 54: 342-345
- C-reactive protein (CRP) levels after elective orthopedic-surgery.Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992; : 237-242
- C-reactive protein levels following standard neurosurgical procedures.Acta Neurochir. 2003; 145: 667-671
- Response of C-reactive protein after craniotomy for microsurgery of intracranial tumors.Neurosurgery. 2007; 60: 621-625
- Value of C-reactive protein after neurosurgery: a prospective study.Br J Neurosurg. 2010; 24: 653-659
- Tissue trauma after vaginal hysterectomy and colporrhaphy versus abdominal hysterectomy: a randomised controlled study.Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2004; 44: 328-331
- [Effect of laparoscopic-assisted resection of rectal carcinoma on C-reactive protein and humoral immunity].Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2009; 12: 357-360
- C-reactive protein 2 days after laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery reliably indicates leaks and moderately predicts morbidity.J Gastrointest Surg. 2012; 16: 1128-1135
- Bleeding and activation of coagulation during and after transurethral prostatectomy: importance of the acute-phase response and prostate specific antigen?.BJU Int. 1999; 83: 990-995
- Specific C-reactive protein measurements in plastic surgery.Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2008; 42: 138-144
- Changes in erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein after total hip arthroplasty.Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984; : 118-120
- Serum C-reactive protein levels after total hip and knee arthroplasty.J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996; 78: 431-433
- Postoperative changes of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, plasma viscosity and C-reactive protein levels after hip surgery.Acta Orthop Belg. 1998; 64: 52-56
- C-reactive protein level after total hip and total knee replacement.J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998; 80: 909-911
- C-reactive protein values and erythrocyte sedimentation rates after total hip and total knee arthroplasty.J Int Med Res. 2001; 29: 7-12
- C-reactive protein as a parameter of surgical trauma - CRP response after different types of surgery in 349 hip fractures.Acta Orthop. 2006; 77: 788-790
- Early-phase enhanced inflammatory reaction after spinal instrumentation surgery.Spine. 2001; 26: 1698-1704
- Acute phase response in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery: modulation by perioperative treatment with naproxen and famotidine.Eur Spine J. 2004; 13: 367-373
- Use of C-reactive protein after spinal surgery—Comparison with erythrocyte sedimentation rate as predictor of early postoperative infectious complications.Spine. 2008; 33: 415-421
- Postoperative changes of early-phase inflammatory indices after uncomplicated anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using allograft and demineralised bone matrix.Int Orthop. 2012; 36: 2293-2297
- Acute phase responses following minimal access and conventional thoracic surgery.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001; 20: 455-463
- Prognostic utility of postoperative C-reactive protein for posthepatectomy liver failure.Arch Surg. 2008; 143 (discussion 53): 247-253
- Is endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms less invasive regarding the biological responses?.Surg Today. 2000; 30: 142-146
- No effect of melatonin to modify surgical-stress response after major vascular surgery: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010; 40: 461-467
- C-reactive protein in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.Anaesthesia. 1986; 41: 11-15
Article info
Publication history
Accepted:
September 8,
2014
Identification
Copyright
© 2015 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
